Learning Motivation

Gardner (1985:51) says it is possible to classify the reasons for second language learning so that they reflect some ultimate goal. Once classified, the various categories would seem best identified as orientations in order to maintain conceptual clarity. Ellis (1986:300) agrees with the need to classify the reasons for language learning when he puts forward that ‘motivation in language learning can be defined in terms of the learner’s overall goal or orientation.’ Gardner (1985:51) argues that ‘this terminology (orientations) was introduced by Gardner and Lambert (1972) when they focused on two types of orientations, integrative and instrumental, and subsequent studies have tended to focus on these orientations.’ Lambert (1974:98) states that a distinction is often made between the two types of orientation (integrative and instrumental). He observes that:  An integrative orientation toward language study reflects ‘a sincere and personal interest in the people and culture represented by the other group.’

An instrumental orientation emphasizes ‘the practical value and advantages of learning a new language.’ The integrative orientation thus stresses an emotional involvement with the other community, while the instrumental orientation does not necessarily.

In agreement, Brown (1987:115) and Ellis (1986:300) also cite ‘instrumental motivation’, which is said to occur when the learner’s goal is function (e.g. to get a job or pass an examination) and ‘integrative motivation’, which occurs when the learner wishes to identify with the culture of the L2 group.’ Ellis (1985), in Young (1987:87), offers a practical example of instrumental motivation when he reports that: Many African students have a strong instrumental motivation to learning. Education is seen as the passport to a salaried post. Examination success is vital.

REFERENCES

Abdul Chaer, Leonie Agustina. 2004. Sosiolinguistik Perkenalan Awal. Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta.

Harimurti Kridalaksana. 2001. Kamus Linguistik. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Mansoer, Pateda. 1990. Sosiolinguistik. Bandung: Angkasa.

Nababan, P.W.J. 1986. Sosiolinguistik Suatu Pengantar. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia.

Suwito. 1983. Pengantar Awal Sosiolinguistik Teori dan Problema. Surakarta: Henari Offset Solo.

http://www.google.com-sosiolinguistik-sikap bahasa.

http://196.21.83.35/bitstream/handle/10530/225/MOTIVATION%20%26%20ATTITUDES_kanjira.pdf?sequence=1 Dec, 5^th 2011, 12:27 P.M.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Dec, 5^th 2011, 12:27, P.M.

http://www.sil.org/lingualinks/literacy/ReferenceMaterials/glossaryofliteracyterms/WhatAreLanguageAttitudes.htm Dec, 5^th 2011, 12:27, P.M.