Language Attitude

Language is a mental attitude or feelings towards the position of its own language or language of others (Kridalaksana, 2001:197). In the Indonesian language attitudes word can refer to the body shape, the upright standing position, behavior or gestures, and actions or action taken based on the view (establishment, beliefs, or opinions) as a reaction to the existence of a thing or event.

Attitude is a psychological phenomenon, which usually manifests in the form of action or behavior. Attitudes can not be observed directly. To observe the attitude can be seen through the behavior, but various studies show that what appears in the behavior does not always indicate attitudes. Vice versa, one's attitude is not always reflected in his behavior.

Circumstances and the attitude formation process is not far from the state language and the attitude formation process in general. As with the attitude, the attitude is also the language of mental events that can not be observed directly. Language attitudes can be observed through the behavior of speech-language or behavior. But in this case also apply provided that not every speech behavior reflects the attitude of the language. Likewise, language attitudes are not always reflected in the behavior of speech. The difference between language and parole (de Saussure, 1976),

Clause Relation

Clause relations are the building blocks of these sequences, as demonstrated with the following examples (Hoey 1994:27). The clause-relational approach to written text, where it was stressed that the units of written discourse, rather than always being co-extensive with sentences (though they sometimes are), were best seen as functional segments (of anything from phrasal to paragraph length) which could be related to one another by a finite set of cognitive relations, such as cause-consequence, instrument-achievement, temporal sequence, and matching relations such as contrasting and equivalence. Individual segments of texts combined to form the logical structure of the whole and to form certain characteristic patterns (such as problem-solution). The sequencing of segments and how the relations between them are signalled were viewed as factors in textual coherence (see Winter 1977; Hoey 1983).

Michael Jackson - Human nature

Looking out
Across the night-time
The city winks a sleepless eye
Hear her voice
Shake my window
Sweet seducing sighs

Get me out
Into the night-time
Four walls won't hold me tonight
If this town
Is just an apple
Then let me take a bite

Michael Jackson - Don’t stop till you get enough

[1st Verse]
Lovely Is The Feelin' Now
Fever, Temperatures Risin' Now
Power (Ah Power) Is The Force The Vow
That Makes It Happen It Asks No Questions Why (Ooh)
So Get Closer (Closer Now)
To My Body Now Just Love Me
'Til You Don't Know How (Ooh)
[Chorus]
Keep On With The Force Don't Stop
Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough
Keep On With The Force Don't Stop

Michael Jackson - Smooth criminal

As he came into to the window
T'was the sound of a crescendo
He came into her apartment
Left the bloodstains, on the carpet
She ran underneath the table
He could see she was unable
So she ran into the bedroom
She was struck down, it was her doom
Annie are you okay,
So, Annie are you okay,
Are you okay Annie.
Annie are you okay,

Michael Jackson - Beat it

[1st Verse]
They Told Him Don't You Ever Come Around Here
Don't Wanna See Your Face, You Better Disappear
The Fire's In Their Eyes And Their Words Are Really Clear
So Beat It, Just Beat It

[2nd Verse]
You Better Run, You Better Do What You Can
Don't Wanna See No Blood, Don't Be A Macho Man
You Wanna Be Tough, Better Do What You Can
So Beat It, But You Wanna Be Bad

Michael Jackson - Biilie Jean

[1st Verse]
She Was More Like A Beauty Queen From A Movie Scene
I Said Don't Mind, But What Do You Mean I Am The One
Who Will Dance On The Floor In The Round
She Said I Am The One Who Will Dance On The Floor In The Round

[2nd Verse]
She Told Me Her Name Was Billie Jean, As She Caused A Scene
Then Every Head Turned With Eyes That Dreamed Of Being The One
Who Will Dance On The Floor In The Round

Michael Jackson - Thriller

It's close to midnight
something evil's lurkin' in the dark
under the moonlight
You see a sight that almost stops your heart
You try to scream
But terror takes the sound before you make it
You start to freeze
As horror looks you right between the eyes
You're paralyzed

'Cause this is thriller
Thriller night
And no one's gonna save you
From the beast about to strike
You know it's thriller
Thriller night

Bruno Mars - The Lazy Song

Today I don't feel like doing anything
I just wanna lay in my bed
Don't feel like picking up my phone
So leave a message at the tone
'Cause today I swear I'm not doing anything.

Uh!
I'm gonna kick my feet up
Then stare at the fan
Turn the TV on, throw my hand in my pants
Nobody's gonna tell me I can't

THE DIRECT METHOD

1. Introduction

Towards the end of the late 1800s, a revolution in language teaching philosophy took place that is seen by many as the dawn of modern foreign language teaching. Teachers, frustrated by the limits of the Grammar Translation Method in terms of its inability to create communicative competence in students, began to experiment with new ways of teaching language.

Basically, teachers began attempting to teach foreign languages in a way that was more similar to first language acquisition. It incorporated techniques designed to address all the areas that the Grammar Translation did not - namely oral communication, more spontaneous use of the language, and developing the ability to think in the target language.

THE GRAMMAR OF INTERPERSONAL MEANING: MOOD

Halliday (1984, 1985a: 68-71) approaches the grammar of interaction from semantic perspective. He points out that whenever we use language to interact, one of things we are doing with it is establishing a relationship between us: between the person speaking now and the person who will probably speak next.

The mood structure of the clauses refers to the organization of asset of functional constituents including the constituent Subject. The component that gets bandied back and forth is what we call the MOOD element of the clause (we use capital letters to differentiate the MOOD constituent of the clause from the general term, Mood, which describes the overall structure of the clause) The other component is called the RESIDUE. We can already, then suggest thet propositions can be divided into two functional constituent.

We have therefore identified two essential functional constituents of the MOOD component of the clause: the Subject and the Finite. the Subject offered by Halliday (1985a: 76) is that it realizes the thing by reference to which the proposition can be affirmed denied. It provides the person or thing in whom is vested the success or failure of the proposition, what is “held responsible”. The second constituent of MOOD element is the Finite. Halliday (1985a: 75) defines the Finite in terms of its function in the clause to make the proposition definite, to anchor the proposition in a way that we can argue about it.

INTRODUCTION TO THE LEXICO-GRAMMAR

The discourse-semantic stratum functions to enable context to be textured into a coherent and cohesive linguistic text. The experiential, interpersonal and textual meaning choices which express context in the text are turn realized through lexico-grammatical patterns: through the words and structures that speakers use. In the first chapter, the traffic lights were described as a two-level semiotic system, involving a level of content realized through a level of expression. The lexico-grammatical level was described simply as an intermediate level of linguistic coding. We must consider in more detail what the function of this level is. What, for example, does it allow us to do in language that we cannot do with a two-level semiotic system like the traffic lights?

If we wish to extend the system so that we can mean more things (for example, we want to add the meaning “REVERSE” to the system), we will have to find a new light to stand for this meaning.

Song Lyric : More Than Words - Westlife

Saying I love you

Is not the words I want to hear from you

It's not that I want you

Not to say, but if you only knew

How easy it would be to show me how you feel

More than words is all you have to do to make it real

Then you wouldn't have to say that you love me

Cos I'd already know

What would you do if my heart was torn in two

More than words to show you feel

That your love for me is real

What would you say if I took those words away

Then you couldn't make things new

Just by saying I love you

It's more than words

What you say is the thing  you do

Now I've tried to talk to you and make you understand

All you have to do is close your eyes

And just reach out your hands and touch me

Hold me close don't ever let me go

More than words is all I ever needed you to show

Learning Motivation

Gardner (1985:51) says it is possible to classify the reasons for second language learning so that they reflect some ultimate goal. Once classified, the various categories would seem best identified as orientations in order to maintain conceptual clarity. Ellis (1986:300) agrees with the need to classify the reasons for language learning when he puts forward that ‘motivation in language learning can be defined in terms of the learner’s overall goal or orientation.’ Gardner (1985:51) argues that ‘this terminology (orientations) was introduced by Gardner and Lambert (1972) when they focused on two types of orientations, integrative and instrumental, and subsequent studies have tended to focus on these orientations.’ Lambert (1974:98) states that a distinction is often made between the two types of orientation (integrative and instrumental). He observes that:  An integrative orientation toward language study reflects ‘a sincere and personal interest in the people and culture represented by the other group.’

Language Attitude

Language is a mental attitude or feelings towards the position of its own language or language of others (Kridalaksana, 2001:197). In the Indonesian language attitudes word can refer to the body shape, the upright standing position, behavior or gestures, and actions or action taken based on the view (establishment, beliefs, or opinions) as a reaction to the existence of a thing or event.

Attitude is a psychological phenomenon, which usually manifests in the form of action or behavior. Attitudes can not be observed directly. To observe the attitude can be seen through the behavior, but various studies show that what appears in the behavior does not always indicate attitudes. Vice versa, one's attitude is not always reflected in his behavior.

Circumstances and the attitude formation process is not far from the state language and the attitude formation process in general. As with the attitude, the attitude is also the language of mental events that can not be observed directly.

Lyric : The Day You Went Away - M2M

Well I could it be, When I was dreaming bout you baby
You dreaming of me, Call me crazy, Call me blind
To still be suffering is stupid after all this time

Did I lose my love to someone better
and does she love you like I do
I do, You know I really really do

Lyric : Dear God - Avenged Sevenfold

A lonely road, crossed another cold state line
Miles away from those I love purpose hard to find
While I recall all the words you spoke to me
Can't help but wish that I was there, Back where I'd love to be, oh yeah

Dear God the only thing I ask of you is
to hold her when I'm not around, when I'm much too far away
We all need that person who can be true to you
But I left her when I found her, And now I wish I'd stayed
’Cause I'm lonely and I'm tired, I'm missing you again oh no, Once again

Lyric : Lucky - Jason Mraz Featuring Colby Caillat

Do you hear me, I'm talking to you
Across the water across the deep blue ocean
Under the open sky, oh my, baby I'm trying
Boy I hear you in my dreams, I feel your whisper across the sea
I keep you with me in my heart, You make it easier when life gets hard

I'm lucky I'm in love with my best friend, Lucky to have been where I have been
Lucky to be coming home again, Ooohh ooooh oooh oooh ooh ooh ooh ooh

Lyric : The Spirite Carries on - Dream Theater

Where did we come from, Why all we here?
Where do we go when we die? What lies beyond
And what lay before? Is anything certain in life?

They say, "Life is too short," "The here and the now"
And "You're only given one shot" But could there be more,
Have I lived before, Or could this be all that we've got?

Lyric: I Don't Love You - My Chemical Romance

When you go

Don't ever think I'll make you try to stay

And maybe when you get back

I'll be off to find another way

And after all this time that you still owe

You're still the good-for-nothing I am not

So take your gloves and get out

Better get out

While you can

Lyric : Lenka - The Show

I'm just a little bit caught in the middle, Life is a maze and love is a riddle

I don't know where to go, can't do it alone, I've tried, and I don't know why...

Slow it down, make it stop, Or else my heart is going to pop

'Cause it's too much, yeah it's a lot, to be something I’m not

I'm a fool out of love, Cause I just can't get enough... 

Lyric : I Will be - Avril Lavigne

There’s nothing I could say to you
Nothing I could ever do to make you see
What you mean to me
All the pain the tears I cried
Still you never said goodbye and now I know how far you’d go
I know I let you down but it's not like that now
This time I’ll never let you go

I will be all that you want and get myself together
Cause you keep me from falling apart
All my life I’ll be with you forever
To get you through the day and make everything OK

Lyric: Bad Day - Daniel Powter

Where is the moment we needed the most
You kick up the leaves and the magic is lost
They tell me your blue skies fade to grey
They tell me your passion's gone away
And I don't need no carry' on

You stand in the line just to hit a new low
You're faking a smile with the coffee to go
You tell me your life's been way off line
You're falling to pieces every time
And I don't need no carry' on

Lyric: My Immortal - Evanescence

I'm so tired of being here
Suppressed by all my childish fears
And if you have to leave
I wish that you would just leave
'Cause your presence still lingers here
And it won't leave me alone

These wounds won't seem to heal
This pain is just too real
There's just too much that time cannot erase

Lyric: My Happy Ending - Avril Lavigne

So much for my happy ending
Oh oh, oh oh, oh oh...

Let's talk this over
It's not like we're dead
Was it something I did?
Was it something You said?
Don't leave me hanging
In a city so dead
Held up up so high
On such a breakable thread

You were all the things I thought I knew
And I thought we could be

[Chorus:]
You were everything, everything that I wanted
We were meant to be, supposed to be, but we lost it
And all the memories, so close to me, just fade away
All this time you were pretending
So much for my happy ending
Oh oh, oh oh, oh oh...

You've got your dumb friends
I know what they say
They tell you I'm difficult
But so are they
But they don't know me
Do they even know you?
All the things you hide from me
All the shit that you do

You were all the things I thought I knew
And I thought we could be

[Chorus]

It's nice to know you were there
Thanks for acting like you cared
And making me feel like I was the only one
It's nice to know we had it all
Thanks for watching as I fall
And letting me know we were done

Lyric: I'm yours - Jason Mraz

Well you done done me and you bet I felt it
I tried to be chill but you’re so hot that I melted
I fell right through the cracks
and now I’m trying to get back

Before the cool done run out
I’ll be giving it my best-est
Nothing’s going to stop me but divine intervention
I reckon its again my turn to win some or learn some

Avril Lavigne - Complicated

    Uh huh life's like this
    Uh huh uh huh that's the way it is
    'Cause life's like this
    Uh huh Uh huh that's the way it is

Chill out what ya yelling for
Lay back it's all been done before
And if you could only let it be
You will see,

A Thousand Years - Christiana Perri

Heart beats fast Colors and promises

How to be brave how can I love when I'm afraid

To fall but watching you stand alone

All of my doubt suddenly goes away somehow

One step closer

(Chorus) I have died everyday waiting for you

Darling' don't be afraid I have loved you

For a Thousand years I'll love you for a Thousand more

Sita - Donna Donna

On a wagon bound for market
there?s a calf with a mournful eye.
High above him there?s a swallow,
winging swiftly through the sky.

Reff:

How the winds are laughing,
they laugh with all their might.
Laugh and laugh the whole day through,
and half the summers night.

Diana Ross - When You Tell Me That You Love Me

Intro:Eb Cm Ab Bb

Eb

I wanna call the stars 

              Cm

Down from the sky 

        Ab 

I wanna live a day 

           Bb

That never dies 

        Gm     

I wanna change the world 

         Cm

Only for you 

        Ab

All the impossible 

        Bb

I wanna do 

Chord : Avril Lavigne - I Wish You Were Here

G

I can be tough

         D

I can be strong

         Em                          C  

But with you, It's not like that at all

         G             D

Theres a girl who gives a shit

            Em

Behind this wall

                    C

You just walk through it

[refrain]

               G

And I remember all those crazy thing you said

     D

You left them running through my head

         Em

You're always there, you're everywhere

                     C

But right now I wish you were here

The Legend of Prambanan Temple

People often refer to Prambanan temple Larajonggrang by name, a label which is actually wrong because it should Rara Jonggrang. Rara said in the Java language to describe girls. In folklore, Rara Jonggrang known as the daughter of King Baka Queen whose name is immortalized as a heritage building complex in the hills south of Candi Prambanan. Saragedug in the story there is a gallant knight named Bandung Bandawasa. He has supernatural strength and wanted to marry the daughter Rara Jonggrang to be a wife. Rara Jonggrang is the beautiful daughter of a king named King Baka, who reigned over the mountain Boko at the palace south of Prambanan. However, Rara Jonggrang is not like it.

Clause Relations

Clause relations are the building blocks of these sequences, as demonstrated with the following examples (Hoey 1994:27). The clause-relational approach to written text, where it was stressed that the units of written discourse, rather than always being co-extensive with sentences (though they sometimes are), were best seen as functional segments (of anything from phrasal to paragraph length) which could be related to one another by a finite set of cognitive relations, such as cause-consequence, instrument-achievement, temporal sequence, and matching relations such as contrasting and equivalence. Individual segments of texts combined to form the logical structure of the whole and to form certain characteristic patterns (such as problem-solution). The sequencing of segments and how the relations between them are signalled were viewed as factors in textual coherence (see Winter 1977; Hoey 1983).

Discourse – semantics: cohesion in text

This chapter concentrates on exploring the nature of the highest stratum of language: the stratum of meanings, or the discourse-semantics of language.

Halliday and Hasan (1976: 1) offer the definition of the text that provides a starting point for an exploration of text. They suggest that a text is: “any passage (of language), spoken or written, of whatever length, that does from a unified whole (1976:1). In describing how a text forms a unified whole, Halliday and Hasan introduced the concept of texture. Texture is the property that distinguishes text from non text: a text “has texture”. Texture is what holds the clauses of a text together to give them unity.

Coherence refers to the way a group of clauses or sentences relate to the context (Halliday and Hasan 1976:23).

A text has situational coherence  when we can think of one situation in which all the clauses of the text could occur.

CONTEXT OF SITUATION: REGISTER

Systemic linguists are interested in exploring just how context gets into text. In transcribing the daily life and events of the Trobriand Islanders, Malinowski found that it was impossible to make sense of literal, or word for word translation from their language into English. In part Malinowski argued that this indicated the need for the researcher to understand the cultural context in which the language was being used:

the study of any language, spoken by a people who live under conditions different from our own and possess a different culture, must be carried out in conjunction with the study of their culture and their environment (1946: 306).

Malinowksi claimed that language only becomes intelligible when it is placed within its context of situation.

CONTEXT OF CULTURE: GENRE

It was suggested before that taking a systemic functional approach to language involves asking both how people use language, and how language is itself structured for use. In beginning how people use language to achieve culturally appropriate goals, trough the concept of genre. An authentic text can be used to illustrate many of the principles of genre theory.

Native speakers of (Australian) English can very quickly identify three key aspects of this text. They are field, mode and tenor. First aspect is field. We can rapidly identify the topic, what the text is about. We work out the field of this text largely from the lexical items (a word which occurs in a very limited number of contexts). Second aspect is mode. Mode is talking about the role language is playing. Aspects of language used that indicate this mode to us include the fact that we have only one speaker’s contributions. Third aspect is tenor. Tenor is the interpersonal relationships between the interactants.

What we have done so far is to describe the register of the text. Register is describes the immediate situational context in which the text was produced.

Behaviorism in Learning and Teaching

There are some basic theories advanced to deseribe how language is acquired and taught. The behaviorist theory, Mentalist theory, Rationalist theory (otherwise calIed Congitive theory), Empiricist theory (Audiolingualism), and Cognitive-code theory are some of these theories. Of these, behaviorist theory and mentalist theory are mainly applicable to the acquisition of native languages while the rest can account for foreign language acquisition. Yet, the se five fundamental theories of language leaming cannot be totalIy divorced from each other, for "the objectives of second language learning are not necessarily entirely determined by natiye language competence inevitably serves as a foil against which to set second language leaming." (H.H. Stem, .1983; 30).

Cara Mudah Menghafal Tenses Bahasa Inggris

Banyak yang bilang menghafal tenses itu bikin pusing, Bt in dan males banget. Bagi yang sedang mempelajari tata bahasa inggris / english grammar mungkin terbiasa menghafal tenses dengan cara seperti ini :

		PAST	PRESENT	FUTURE
simple	+	S + VII	S + (VI + (s/es))	S + shall/will + VI
	−	S + did + not + VI	S + do/does + not + VI	S + shall/will + not + VI
	?	did + S + VI	do/does + S + VI	shall/will + S + VI
continuous	+	S + (were/was) + (VI+ing)	S + (am,are,is) + (VI+ing)	S + shall/will + be + (VI+ing)
	−	S+(were/was)+not+(VI+ing)	S + (am,are,is) + not + (VI+ing)	S + shall/will + not + be + (VI+ing)
	?	(were/was)+S + (VI+ing)	(am,are,is) + S + (VI+ing)	(shall/will) + S + be + (VI+ing)
perfect	+	S + had + VIII	S + (have/has) + VIII	S + (shall/will) + have + VIII
	−	S + had + not + VIII	S + (have/has) + not + VIII	S + (shall/will) + not + have + VIII
	?	had + S + VIII	(have/has) + S + VIII	(shall/will) + S + VIII
perfect continuous	+	S + had + been + (VI+ing)	S + (have/has) + been + (VI+ing)	S+shall/will+have+been+(VI+ing)
	−	S+had+not+been+(VI+ing)	S+(have/has)+not+been+(VI+ing)	S+shall/will+not+have+been+(VI+ing)
	?	had + S + been + (VI+ing)	(have/has) + S + been + (VI+ing)	shall/will+S+have+been+(VI+ing)

Baru ngeliat tabelnya aja udah capek duluan. Terus gimana? Jangan sedih, daripada pusing, yuk kita coba cara yang satu ini yang aku dapet